A Joint European Certification System for Sustainable Non-Intensive Aquaculture: a proposal from the SEACASE project

The European project Sustainable extensive and semi-intensive coastal aquaculture in Southern Europe (SEACASE) included the proposal of 6 Codes of Conduct for the aquaculture systems studied during the project work. These case studies are typical of the countries involved, namely semi-intensive polyculture (Portugal and Spain), extensive polyculture in esteros (Spain), integrated systems (France), valliculture (Italy), nursery ponds (Greece, Portugal, France and Italy) and eel ponds (France). This article was written having as objective the providing of a concise summary of the characteristics that SEACASE collaborators found to be central to build a complete and trustable Certification system for products of sustainable non-intensive aquaculture (for “certification of sustainability”, see Ojeda, 2008). The 6 Codes of Conduct are the basic information to build such a system in the future.This study has been carried out with the financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, specific RTD programme “Specific Support to Policies”, SSP-2005-44483 “SEACASE - Sustainable extensive and semi-intensive coastal aquaculture in Southern Europe”, and does not necessarily reflect the European Commission views and in no way anticipates the Commission’s future policy in this area.Peer reviewe

An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems